Index

Symbols

"As We May Think" Bush 1945 %= **= *= += --help flag -= -> .py file //= /= 311 interpretation 311 graffiti case study

< <= = = vs == > >= @classmethod, [1] @dataclass basic defaults frozen generated methods methods when to use

_

__init__ __init__.py __lt__ __main__ entry-point guard __mul__

__name__ __name__ variable __repr__, [1], [2] __str__ __sub__ __truediv__ _name convention

A

abacus history ABC absolute path, [1] abstract data type abstraction function contract Abuhamad, Mohammed accumulation pattern ACM computing curriculum ACM Code of Ethics not covered ACM Curriculum 68 ACM Curriculum 78 ACM-IEEE CS2013 AL AL1 Basic Analysis, [1], [2], [3], [4] AL2 Algorithmic Strategies, [1], [2], [3], [4] AL3 Fundamental Data Structures and Algorithms, [1], [2], [3] AR AR/ALU Digital Logic and Digital Systems AR/MachineLevel Machine Level Representation of Data, [1] AR/MemoryArch Memory Architectures, [1] AR/MultiLevel Multi-Level Machine Organization, [1] AR1 Digital Logic and Digital Systems AR2 Machine Level Representation of Data CN/Intro ICT Literacy Foundations CN/Intro Information and Communication Technology Literacy: Foundations CN/Overview Networking and Communication Introduction CN1 Introduction to Networking curriculum alignment DS/BasicLogic Discrete Structures Basic Logic DS/BasicLogic Discrete Structures: Basic Logic DS/Data Discrete Structures: Data Representation DS6 Discrete Probability, [1] IM1 Information Management Concepts, [1], [2] IS1 Fundamental Issues OS/Overview Operating Systems Overview, [1], [2] OS/Processes Processes and Threads OS8 File Systems, [1] PL PL/Languages Programming Languages: Language Translation and Execution PL1 Object-Oriented Programming PL2 Functional Programming, [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9] PL3 Event-Driven and Reactive Programming PL4 Basic Type Systems, [1] PL4 Type Systems PL6 Language Translation and Execution, [1] SDF SDF Software Development Fundamentals SDF1 Algorithms and Design SDF2 Fundamental Programming Concepts, [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12] SDF3 Fundamental Data Structures, [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] SDF4 Development Methods, [1] SE SE1 Software Processes SE3 Tools and Environments, [1] SE6 Software Construction SE7 Verification and Validation, [1] SP SP1 Social Context SP8 History ACM-IEEE CS2023 AL AL1 Basic Analysis, [1], [2], [3], [4] AL2 Algorithmic Strategies, [1], [2], [3], [4] AL3 Fundamental Data Structures and Algorithms, [1], [2], [3] AR AR/ALU Digital Logic and Digital Systems AR/MachineLevel Machine Level Representation of Data, [1] AR/MemoryArch Memory Architectures, [1] AR/MultiLevel Multi-Level Machine Organization, [1] AR1 Digital Logic and Digital Systems AR2 Machine Level Representation of Data CN/Intro ICT Literacy Foundations CN/Intro Information and Communication Technology Literacy: Foundations CN/Overview Networking and Communication Introduction CN1 Introduction to Networking curriculum alignment DS/BasicLogic Discrete Structures Basic Logic DS/BasicLogic Discrete Structures: Basic Logic DS/Data Discrete Structures: Data Representation DS6 Discrete Probability, [1] IM1 Information Management Concepts, [1], [2] IS1 Fundamental Issues OS/Overview Operating Systems Overview, [1], [2] OS/Processes Processes and Threads OS8 File Systems, [1] PL PL/Languages Programming Languages: Language Translation and Execution PL1 Object-Oriented Programming PL2 Functional Programming, [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9] PL3 Event-Driven and Reactive Programming PL4 Basic Type Systems, [1] PL4 Type Systems PL6 Language Translation and Execution, [1] SDF SDF1 Algorithms and Design SDF2 Fundamental Programming Concepts, [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12] SDF3 Fundamental Data Structures, [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] SDF4 Development Methods, [1] SE SE Software Engineering SE1 Software Processes SE3 Tools and Environments, [1] SE6 Software Construction SE7 Verification and Validation, [1] SP SP1 Social Context SP8 History

ACM/IEEE curriculum history ACM/IEEE-CS curriculum guidelines history activation function Ada language Ada programming language Lovelace ADT agentic systems aggregation group-by yearly AI and programming linear algebra connection mathematical foundations AI coding assistants AL Algorithmic Strategies Algorithms and Complexity Basic Analysis Fundamental Data Structures and Algorithms Al Shaikhli, Ihab al-Khowarizmi, Muhammad ibn Musa House of Wisdom algebra etymology algorithm design etymology, [1] aliasing ALL_CAPS convention Analytical Engine analytics pipelines dict AND and and operator API definition API response dict conversion Python dict saving to file application software applied computing AR Architecture and Organization Assembly Level Machine Organization Digital Logic and Digital Systems Machine Level Representation of Data argparse, [1] ArgumentParser CLI overview argument arithmetic artificial intelligence ASCII ordering assembly language assert assignment no declaration needed assignment statement, [1] arithmetic right-to-left Associated Press telegraph origins associativity grammar AST expression tree NamedTuple nodes Atanasoff, John Vincent ABC computer Atanasoff-Berry Computer binary arithmetic augmented assignment operators list automation software engineering Averager class, [1]

B

Babbage, Charles Analytical Engine Difference Engine backslash continuation balanced brackets stack bar chart monthly trend, [1] yearly trend base case base sixty bash Berry, Clifford ABC computer BFS filesystem Big-O notation data structures dictionary sorting Bilas, Frances ENIAC programmer binary binary search, [1] recursive, [1] bisect module bisection method Bisharat, Arslan bits Bletchley Park Colossus

block indentation boilerplate elimination bool, [1] bool type Boole, George boolean logic Boolean boolean indexing pandas boolean logic, [1] computing foundation Boolean operators precedence breadth-first search filesystem iterative implementation break in for loop browser running Python bubble sort built-in functions abs built-in scope, [1] built-in types Bush, Vannevar memex bytes

C

C language C++ language cache CPU calc function parser call stack depth recursion case studies CASE tools cat CBS UNIVAC prediction chained comparison conditions character codes Chicago Data Portal case study chmod chown chr() Christopher, Thomas W. Church-Turing thesis circular import problem and fix civic data equity analysis class Contact design checklist examples instantiation keyword method with same-type parameter planning Rational class method factory method CLI argparse closure nonlocal cloud computing, [1] collections namedtuple collections.Counter aggregation collections.deque, [1] efficiency Colossus Bletchley Park command line command line arguments sys.argv command line interface argparse command redirection comments comparison operators ==

composition class design compound condition computation computation vs presentation computer science computer systems types computing history conditional expression Console ReadLine equivalent constant naming convention continue in for loop continue statement contributing contribution guidelines convergence law of large numbers Monte Carlo visualization correctness Counter, [1] counting early history course schedule course sequence CS curriculum cp CPU role cross-platform paths CRUD update CS0 Computing Principles CS1 Introduction to Computer Science CS1-CS8 course sequence CS2 Data Structures CS2023 competency framework differences from CS2013 CS3 Algorithms CSV real-world dataset csv.DictReader real data current working directory curriculum ACM/IEEE standards gaps curriculum alignment coverage levels gap analysis instructor recommendations summary

D

darts Monte Carlo data analysis data fetching civic data CSV data loading CSV data pipeline fetch-load-analyze-visualize, [1] data representation, [1], [2] data structure data-in calculate data-out pattern dataclass DataFrame inspection round-trip date range filtering DataFrame datetime.strptime date parsing David De Morgan's laws debugging strategies def statement del dict denial of service recursion depth-first search filesystem recursive implementation deque BFS O(1) both ends dequeue DFS filesystem DFS vs BFS dict access constructor counting pattern efficiency examples filtering pattern group by length grouping grouping pattern invert, [1] key must be immutable, [1] key-value literal merge operator | syntax update word count

dict algorithms lists of dicts real-world uses dict comprehension filtering key-value swap dict() constructor dict.get() default value default zero safe access, [1] dict.items() dict.keys() dict.pop() dict.setdefault() grouping grouping pattern dict.update() merge dict.values() dictionary dictionary algorithms Difference Engine digit etymology digital citizenship directory traversal distributed system divide and conquer divmod docstring contract doctest dot product drivers hardware DRY principle dunder methods __str__ vs __repr__ dynamic array vs linked list dynamic typing dynamically typed

E

EAFP style Python echo Eckert, J. Presper ENIAC edge cases Egyptian numerals pictographic system elif grade example elif vs separate if else try block Emacs enclosing scope, [1] ENIAC University of Pennsylvania enqueue enumerate() error handling error message reading error rate Monte Carlo escape sequence escape sequences table

Eslami, Behnaz estimate_pi case study Euclidean algorithm event-driven programming events example copy upper for loop mod table power table sum file example-based testing except clause ordering exception as clause inside a loop prevention vs catching raising deliberately exceptions exit code expression evaluation order extended unpacking

F

f-string alignment basic syntax binary field width, [1] file output hexadecimal integer format f.read() f.readlines() f.write() factorial iterative recursive factory function record creation False, [1] falsy values Fibonacci iterative recursive file path read into dict reading reading into dict writing file permissions file reading overview file system tree traversal FileNotFoundError catching filesystem recursive traversal FileSystemEventWalker filter() filtering date range status finally cleanup find finger reckoning first-class functions fixed point flatten recursive

flattening nested if float float() floating point comparison pitfall fold for dict dict records file lines list iteration tuple unpacking for line in f: for loop examples list iteration for statement for vs while foreach format specifier format string frequency frequency count list of dicts from … import, [1] function as value consumer role def default parameter values definition order early return keyword arguments multiple definitions multiple parameters parameter return value reuse signature writer role function composition functional core imperative shell, [1] functional programming, [1] numerical functools.lru_cache functools.partial functools.reduce

G

garbage collection Python GCD recursive, [1] gcd generate_darts case study generator advantages factorial, [1] Fibonacci, [1] infinite sequence stream GitHub API example global global scope, [1]

global statement example modules global variable lifetime Go language grammar arithmetic expressions operator precedence encoding grammar rule method mapping grep group-by ZIP code group_by_length example grouping

H

hardware analogies components software interaction Harrington, Andy hash immutability hash function hash table, [1] Hemmendinger curriculum history Henriques Moreira, Daniel here document hexadecimal hierarchical data dict hieroglyphic numbers higher-order function, [1] Hindu-Arabic numerals

Holberton, Betty ENIAC programmer Hollerith, Herman 1890 census Homebrew homing pigeons long-range communication House of Wisdom Baghdad HTTP API communication error handling GET request POST request status codes Hyatt, Matt Hypothesis property-based testing hypothesis

I

IBM origins ICT literacy, [1] identifier identity matrix identity test IEEE computing curriculum if common mistakes nested one-branch if __name__ if __name__ == '__main__' if statement if-elif-else pattern immutability, [1] implicit type conversion import, [1] alias patterns where Python looks import as alias import statement ImportError circular module not found in dict key list membership search in operator Inca Empire information encoding incremental development indentation as syntax nesting level pitfall

index by unique field O(1) lookup IndexError infinite loop information literacy input, [1] always returns string comparison table method selection pattern prompt range validation validation validation loop input devices input function input() overview input-process-output input-process-output model insertion sort instance method instance variable access planning int() truncation integer interactive programs interactive while loop interface internet data interpreted language introduction Irakliotis, Leo is not operator is operator issue tracker itertools.accumulate itertools.takewhile

J

Jacquard loom Jacquard, Joseph Marie loom Java language Jennings, Jean ENIAC programmer JSON lists of dictionaries parsing with requests

json.dump() file output json.dumps() json.loads() JupyterLite

K

key= KeyError, [1] avoiding with get

khipu kill

L

labs dictionaries functional programming lists nested loops string operations lambda sort key, [1] lambda calculus law of large numbers lazy evaluation generators Läufer, Konstantin LBYL style left-associativity while loop LEGB LEGB rule scope lookup Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Stepped Drum Calculator len(), [1] less lesson plan lexicographic order Lichterman, Ruth ENIAC programmer linear algebra motivation linear search, [1] dict records explicit linked list construction performance traversal list * + accumulate as stack as vector built-in functions concatenation constructor filter index indexing len() literal membership test methods min mutable of class instances of tuples repetition rotate slicing, [1] sort syntax two-pointer

list comprehension basic form filtering records nested when to use with condition list.append() list.count() list.extend() list.index() list.insert() list.pop() list.remove() list.reverse() list.sort(), [1] lists of dictionaries access pattern filtering grouping iteration motivation search sorting update record load_darts pandas.read_csv local scope, [1] local variable lifetime logic error debugging logic gates loop common pitfalls for interactive range sentinel pattern trace table while loop design loop planning rubric loop tracing Lorenz machine Colossus Lovelace, Ada first algorithm Luce, Jason

M

magnitude vector maintainability modules map() match statement evaluator math module, [1] math.ceil() math.floor() math.pi math.sqrt() matplotlib 311 bar chart bar chart, [1] Monte Carlo scatter plot scatter plot matrix definition list of lists matrix multiplication Mauchly, John ENIAC max max() McNulty, Kathleen ENIAC programmer memex hypertext precursor memoisation memory efficiency file reading memory hierarchy, [1] merging Mesopotamia base-60 number system

method planning Miller, Allan min() mixed arithmetic modular arithmetic modular programming module helper functions run vs import user-defined modules benefits Monte Carlo applications convergence grid real-world applications Monte Carlo method, [1] concept geometry Monte Carlo simulation case study Morse code Morse, Samuel F.B. telegraph motherboard multi-file project multiline string, [1] multiple assignment, [1] simultaneous multiples example multiplication table mutual recursion parser mv

N

name mangling NamedTuple AST namedtuple, [1] _replace Contact example hashable immutable Point example preview, [1] sorting vs dataclass NameError undefined function undefined variable uninitialized variable naming convention test files naming conventions Napier's Bones Napier, John logarithms Nazari, Mujtaba negative index nested data nested dictionaries nested function recursive helper

nested if reading nested list nested loop table neural network single layer Newton's method Node class, [1] None implicit return is None testing nonlocal, [1] nonlocal statement example normalization vector NOT not not in operator not operator numbers history numerical methods curriculum history numpy linear algebra

O

O(1) dict operations list.append and pop O(1) lookup O(1) vs O(N) O(N log N) O(N) vs O(log N) observer pattern filesystem filesystem walker octal off-by-one in conditions one-dictionary-per-record principle online safety OOP __init__ class relationships design nouns as classes private open data Chicago civic dataset open() "a" "w" append mode exception handling with block write mode operating system role

operator %; modulus %= **; exponentiation *= += -= //; floor division //= /; true division arithmetic operator overloading operator precedence grammar layers optional parameter OR or or operator ord() OS resource manager service provider translator os module getpid getppid os.walk recursive Oughtred, William slide rule output devices

P

package __init__.py pair: module .py file pair: problem solving incremental pair: tuple when to use pandas DataFrame, [1] nrows read_csv to_csv pandas.DataFrame.to_csv simulation pandas.read_csv civic data pandas.Series.sum Monte Carlo pandas.Series.value_counts 311 aggregation paradigm parallel lists problem parameter parameter vs argument Parser class recursive descent parsing recursive descent Pascal, Blaise Pascaline Pascaline Path open() Path object path separator path string Path() constructor Path.cwd() Path.exists(), [1] Path.glob() Path.home() Path.is_dir() Path.is_file() Path.iterdir() Path.name Path.parent Path.read_text() Path.stem Path.suffix Path.write_text() pathlib convenience methods recursive traversal pathlib.Path / operator pattern matching AST Pautsch, Erik perceptron linear algebra personal computer pi estimation case study dart throwing Monte Carlo

PID pipe, [1] pitfalls PL Basic Type Systems Event-Driven Programming Functional Programming Language Translation and Execution Object-Oriented Programming Programming Languages pop portability precondition checking predicate print end= file= multiple arguments newline sep= print debugging print_rectangle print_reps PrintHandler filesystem probability simulation problem solving framework process definition parent process management program structure programming language paradigm property-based testing, [1] invariant oracle round-trip prototyping ps pull requests punched cards Hollerith tabulator Jacquard loom origins pure function, [1], [2] push Pyodide pytest Hypothesis install running test discovery pytest.raises, [1] Python as high-level language characteristics if syntax interactive shell, [1] scripting, pair: Python; high-level, pair: Python; object-oriented, pair: Python; modular top-level statements Python 3.9 dict merge Python installation python3

Q

quantum computing query parameters requests URL

queue FIFO Queue class quipu, [1] quotes

R

raise raise statement RAM role speed random module random number simulation random sampling area estimation estimation random.uniform case study simulation range lazy evaluation memory efficiency reverse with for loop range() custom step range(n) range(start, [1] Rational __add__ __eq__ __init__ __str__ classmethod float() testing raw string real-world problems records consistent structure validation recursion examples inner helper security structure when to use recursion limit RecursionError recursive case recursive descent parser end-to-end

redirection, [1] refactoring conditions registers CPU relational operators relative path, [1] REPL, [1] requests complete example requests module requests.exceptions.ConnectionError requests.exceptions.Timeout requests.get() params dict response.json() response.status_code return statement return value in expression reusability modules reverse= reversed(), [1] review questions classes data structures dictionaries files for loops functional programming lists recursion testing tuples while loops Rich right-associativity recursive call rm Roman numerals round running total runtime error exception Rust language

S

Saban, Michael Sandoval Madrigal, Manny save_darts CSV SAX parser analogy scanLeft scatter plot Monte Carlo Schickard, Wilhelm mechanical calculator scope, [1] definition lookup order shadowing why local scope matters scripting, pair: Python; high-level, pair: Python; object-oriented, pair: Python; modular Python SDF Algorithms and Design Development Methods Fundamental Data Structures Fundamental Programming Concepts Software Development Fundamentals SE Software Construction Software Engineering Software Processes Tools and Environments Verification and Validation search index dict searching selection sort self, [1] sentinel value separation of concerns input sexagesimal system shell definition exit code redirection Shirsat, Rushikesh short-circuit evaluation side effects, [1], [2] avoid in comprehension simulation applications Monte Carlo single underscore convention singly linked list SinglyLinkedList skip invalid items slice slice notation slide rule snake_case software analogies categories software engineering automation sorted(), [1], [2] key function key with tuple sorting algorithm comparison performance sorting algorithm SP Analytical Tools History Intellectual Property Privacy and Civil Liberties Professional Ethics Social Context Social Issues and Professional Practice stack LIFO

Stack class stack exhaustion stack frame recursion standard streams star expression unpacking statement line continuation static typing stderr, [1] redirection stdin, [1] redirection stdout, [1] redirection step) Stepped Drum Calculator stop stop) storage speed SSD HDD stored-program concept stored-program model str() str.endswith() str.find() str.format() str.index() str.join() str.lower() str.lstrip() str.replace() str.rstrip() str.split() str.startswith() str.strip() str.upper() streaming file string character iteration comparison immutability, [1] in operator indexing method method summary negative index problem solving reverse slice slicing step in slice subscript while loop string concatenation string literal string repetition string representation, [1] string_of_reps strong typing structural recursion evaluator suanpan sum() swap variables swap variables syllabus Synovic, Nicholas syntax error syntax template sys.argv, [1] sys.exit() sys.path sys.setrecursionlimit system software systems programming languages

T

table formatting tabular data tuple list tail recursion tail-call optimisation tally sticks TCO telegraph history terminal terminal emulator terminal user interface ternary operator test class test discovery test function, [1] test organisation test suite test-first development testing edge cases effective one assert per test pure functions pytest single responsibility text editor terminal Textual Thiruvathukal, George K. Timsort tokenize module stdlib tokenizer arithmetic expression top touch traceback transpose matrix tree traversal triple-quoted string, [1] True, [1] truncation vs rounding truth table, [1] truthiness truthiness pitfall truthy values

try Try it live try/except, [1] basic pattern in loop TUI tuple as dict key constructor dict key examples immutability immutable index len() literal multiple return values record syntax tuple unpacking *rest basic preview tuple vs list tuple() list() Turing machine universal Turing, Alan Turing machine Turing-complete Python Turing-equivalent two's complement origins type annotations type conversion, [1], [2], [3] type conversion functions type error type hints function signature None not enforced str style type safety type system TypeError types

U

UnboundLocalError assign before use global unit circle inscribed square Monte Carlo UNIVAC 1952 presidential election URL query string

urllib.request download, [1] urllib.request.urlretrieve 311 download user input utility software uv

V

ValueError, [1], [2] van Rossum, Guido TCO decision variable assignment uninitialized variable lifetime variable shadowing vector definition

venv version control not covered vim virtual environment visualization time series von Neumann architecture, [1] von Neumann, John architecture

W

web service API web services Wescoff, Marlyn ENIAC programmer while sequence iteration while loop index variable tolerance condition while statement while True interactive pattern

whitespace widening conversion widgets Windows Subsystem for Linux with open() reading with statement combined nested word count word count example World Wide Web Bush's vision WSL

X

XOR

Y

Yacobellis, Bob

yield

Z

Z3 first Turing-complete computer zero absent from Roman system Chaturbhuj Temple inscription history

ZeroDivisionError, [1] zip(), [1] paired iteration zsh Zuse, Konrad Z3