Library Modules#

Python’s strength comes partly from its enormous standard library and ecosystem of third-party packages. A module is a .py file containing functions and variables you can use in your own programs.

Importing a Module#

Use the import statement to make a module available:

import math

After importing, access the module’s contents with dot notation. Press Try it live to run the import and a few math calls:

>>> import math
>>> math.sqrt(2)
1.4142135623730951
>>> math.pi
3.141592653589793
>>> math.floor(3.7)
3
>>> math.ceil(3.2)
4

The `math` Module#

The math module provides mathematical functions beyond what is built in:

Function / Constant	Description
`math.sqrt(x)`	Square root of `x`
`math.pi`	The constant π ≈ 3.14159…
`math.e`	The constant e ≈ 2.71828…
`math.floor(x)`	Largest integer ≤ `x`
`math.ceil(x)`	Smallest integer ≥ `x`
`math.log(x)`	Natural logarithm of `x`
`math.log(x, base)`	Logarithm of `x` in the given base
`math.sin(x)`, `math.cos(x)`, `math.tan(x)`	Trigonometric functions (`x` in radians)
`math.degrees(x)`	Convert radians to degrees
`math.radians(x)`	Convert degrees to radians
`math.factorial(n)`	n!

The `random` Module#

The random module generates pseudo-random numbers, which is useful for games and simulations. We call random.seed(0) first so the results below are reproducible; remove that line to get different numbers each run. Press Try it live:

>>> import random
>>> random.seed(0)           # make the results reproducible
>>> random.randint(1, 6)     # simulates a die roll
4
>>> random.random()          # float in [0.0, 1.0)
0.7579544029403025
>>> random.choice(["rock", "paper", "scissors"])
'paper'

Selective Import#

To import just specific names from a module, avoiding the module prefix, use from math import sqrt, pi. You can also import everything with from math import * (generally discouraged in larger programs), or give a module a shorter alias with import math as m. Press Try it live:

>>> from math import sqrt, pi
>>> print(sqrt(16), round(pi, 4))
4.0 3.1416
>>> import math as m
>>> print(m.factorial(5))
120

How Python Finds Modules#

When you write import math, Python looks for a module named math.py in a list of directories called the path. The standard library is always on the path, so built-in modules like math and random are always available.

When you create your own .py files, Python can import them if they are in the same directory as your script.

Writing Your Own Module#

Any .py file can be used as a module. If you save the following in geometry.py:

import math

def circle_area(radius: float) -> float:
    return math.pi * radius ** 2

def circle_circumference(radius: float) -> float:
    return 2 * math.pi * radius

Then another file can use it:

import geometry
print(geometry.circle_area(5))

Library Modules

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